Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes History Chapter 2

 

Notes for Nationalism in India for Class 10 The free download of Social Science History Chapter 2 SST PDF is part of the Class 10 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. We have provided Nationalism in India Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes below.

Introduction:

• The growth of nationalism in India was a result of various movements and events that united the Indian people against British colonialism.
• Indian nationalism evolved through the Gandhian era, marked by the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and various struggles for independence.
• The chapter focuses on how different sections of Indian society participated in the nationalist movement, eventually leading to India's independence.

1. The First World War, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation

First World War (1914-1918):

• Created economic hardship, increased taxation, and forced recruitment into the British army.
• This led to widespread anger and dissatisfaction among Indians.

Rowlatt Act (1919):

• Gave the British government the power to imprison people without trial.
• This led to widespread protests. Mahatma Gandhi launched a non-violent civil disobedience campaign against this act.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919):

• In Amritsar, General Dyer ordered open fire on peaceful protestors, killing hundreds.
• Shocked the nation and fueled the desire for freedom.

Khilafat Movement (1919-1920):

• Launched by Ali brothers—Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali—to protest the harsh treatment of the Ottoman Sultan (the Caliph) after World War I.
• Gandhi saw this as an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims and supported the Khilafat issue.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922):

• Launched by Gandhi, the movement called for the boycott of British institutions, courts, schools, goods, and titles.
• People were urged to practice self-reliance (Swadeshi) and support Khadi.
• The movement united many people but was called off after the Chauri Chaura incident (1922), where violence broke out, leading to the killing of policemen.

2. The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

Simon Commission (1927):

• A British commission formed without any Indian representatives to suggest constitutional reforms.
• Led to widespread protests with the slogan, “Go back Simon”.

Lahore Session (1929):

• The Congress, under Jawaharlal Nehru, passed the resolution demanding Purna Swaraj or complete independence.
• 26 January 1930 was celebrated as Independence Day.

Salt March/Dandi March (1930):

• Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt law at Dandi.
• The movement spread across the country, where people refused to pay taxes, boycotted British goods, and broke colonial laws.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931):

• Gandhi agreed to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement, and in return, the British government released political prisoners.

Round Table Conferences (1930-1932):

• A series of conferences in London to discuss constitutional reforms in India. Gandhi participated in the second Round Table Conference, but it failed to secure a consensus.

3. The Sense of Collective Belonging

Nationalism developed not only through political movements but also through the promotion of a common culture, history, and symbols.

Folk tales, songs, and symbols:

• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s poem, Vande Mataram, became the national song.
• The Tricolour flag (with red, green, and yellow) was introduced during the Swadeshi movement.

Icons of nationalism:

• Figures like Bharat Mata were personified to evoke a sense of motherland and devotion.

The idea of nationalism was spread through print culture, which allowed for the dissemination of national ideas and symbols.

4. Participation of Different Social Groups

Peasants:

• In places like Awadh, under the leadership of Baba Ramchandra, peasants demanded the abolition of the begar system (forced labor) and a reduction in taxes.

Tribal communities:

• Gudem Hills (Andhra Pradesh): Tribal groups led by Alluri Sitaram Raju resisted British policies and supported the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Industrial workers:

• Workers in Bombay, Calcutta, and other cities participated in strikes and protests but were less organized than other groups.

Dalits:

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar worked for the upliftment of Dalits, and he clashed with Gandhi over the issue of separate electorates for Dalits.

Muslims:

• Muslims supported the Khilafat Movement, but over time, communal tensions arose, leading to the eventual partition of India in 1947.

5. Limits of the Civil Disobedience Movement

• Not all sections of Indian society actively supported the movement.
• The Dalits (oppressed castes) did not participate widely as their primary focus was social upliftment.
• Muslims grew apprehensive about the Congress’s secular stance, and many Muslims withdrew from the nationalist movement, leading to the rise of the Muslim League.

Chronological Order of Events:

1914-1918:

• First World War: The impact of the war led to economic hardships in India (inflation, forced recruitment, and heavy taxes).

1917:

• Champaran Satyagraha: Gandhi's first satyagraha in India, for the rights of indigo farmers in Champaran, Bihar.
• Kheda Satyagraha: Gandhi led peasants in Kheda (Gujarat) who were unable to pay land taxes due to crop failure.

1918:

• Ahmedabad Mill Strike: Gandhi supported mill workers who were demanding higher wages in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

1919:

• Rowlatt Act was passed by the British government.
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13): Hundreds of peaceful protestors were killed by General Dyer in Amritsar.
• Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay to defend the Ottoman Caliphate.

1919-1920:

• Khilafat Movement: Led by the Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali) to protect the Ottoman Caliph.
• Gandhi supports the Khilafat Movement to unite Hindus and Muslims against British rule.

1920 (September):

• Congress approves the Non-Cooperation Movement under the leadership of Gandhi.

1920 (December):

• Non-Cooperation Movement was formally launched by Gandhi.
• People are urged to boycott British goods, schools, courts, and government jobs, and to promote Swadeshi and Khadi.

1921:

• Prince of Wales' visit to India was boycotted by nationalists.
• Widespread strikes, protests, and picketing of liquor shops took place during the movement.

1922 (February 5):

• Chauri Chaura incident: Violent clashes in Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, where a mob set a police station on fire, killing policemen.
• Gandhi calls off the Non-Cooperation Movement due to the violence.

1927:

• Simon Commission formed by the British government to discuss constitutional reforms. It was boycotted by all political parties in India as it had no Indian representatives.
• Protests were held against the Simon Commission with the slogan, “Simon Go Back”.

1928:

• All Parties Conference held in Lucknow to demand Dominion Status for India.

1929 (December):

• Lahore Session of the Congress: Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress declared Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
• 26 January 1930 was declared as Independence Day.

1930 (March 12 - April 6):

• Salt March/Dandi March: Gandhi led a march from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat to break the British monopoly on salt and defy the Salt Law.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement began.

1930:

• Civil Disobedience Movement: Spread across India, with people refusing to pay taxes, boycotting British goods, and participating in picketing.

1930 (November):

• First Round Table Conference held in London to discuss constitutional reforms in India. Congress boycotted the conference.

1931 (March):

• Gandhi-Irwin Pact: Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement in exchange for the release of political prisoners and allowed to attend the next Round Table Conference.

1931 (September):

• Second Round Table Conference: Gandhi attended but failed to secure any major agreement on Indian demands.

1932:

• Civil Disobedience Movement resumed after the failure of the second Round Table Conference.
• Poona Pact signed between Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to grant reserved seats for Dalits in provincial legislatures but within the general electorate.

1932-1934:

The Civil Disobedience Movement continued, although participation gradually declined.

1935:

Government of India Act, 1935 passed by the British Parliament. It granted provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure but was not fully implemented.

Key Concepts and Terms:

1. Nationalism: A sense of pride and unity among the people of a country.
2. Rowlatt Act: A repressive law passed in 1919 to curtail civil liberties.
3. Khilafat Movement: A movement to protest the British treatment of the Ottoman Caliph.
4. Non-Cooperation Movement: A mass protest led by Gandhi against British rule.
5. Civil Disobedience Movement: A movement initiated by Gandhi to break unjust laws.
6. Salt March: Gandhi’s march to break the salt law as part of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
7. Purna Swaraj: The demand for complete independence by the Indian National Congress.
8. Chauri Chaura Incident: A violent clash that led Gandhi to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Conclusion:

The Indian nationalist movement was a complex and multi-faceted struggle, involving different sections of society. The Gandhian era played a pivotal role in the mass mobilization of Indians, which eventually led to independence. The chapter highlights how collective action, despite its limitations, strengthened the demand for Swaraj (self-rule).

Keywords:

• Nationalism
• Rowlatt Act
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• Khilafat Movement
• Non-Cooperation Movement
• Salt March
• Civil Disobedience Movement
• Simon Commission
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact
• Purna Swaraj
• Chauri Chaura

Map Work

1. Important Centres of the Indian National Movement

2. Indian National Congress Sessions

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Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 2

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